Software Patent and Copyright Laws in India :: Technology Computers Essays

Software Patent and Copyright Laws in India This Midterm Paper investigates the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), primarily Copyrights and Patents in India. The Paper performs a Legal as well as Ethical Analysis of the Indian IPR Laws. It recommends improvements; especially regarding Global Issues related to Software Patents and IPR over the Net by substantiating evidence from the Embassy of India Policy Statements and from a reputed magazine in India, called India Today. The author fully acknowledges citations from all the references. Intellectual Property Rights in India There is a well-established statutory, administrative and judicial framework to safeguard intellectual property rights in India, whether they relate to patents, trademarks, copyright or industrial designs. Well-known international trademarks have been protected in India even when they were not registered in India. The Indian Trademarks Law has been extended through court decisions to service marks in addition to trademarks for goods. Computer software companies have successfully curtailed piracy through court orders. Computer databases have been protected. The courts, under the doctrine of breach of confidentiality, accorded an extensive protection of trade secrets. Right to privacy, which is not protected even in some developed countries, has been recognized in India. [1] Protection of intellectual property rights in India continues to be strengthened further. The year 1999 witnessed the consideration and passage of major legislation with regard to protection of intellectual property rights in harmony with international practices and in compliance with India's obligations under TRIPS. As regards the aspect enforcement, Indian enforcement agencies are now working very effectively and there has been a notable decline in the levels of piracy in India. In addition to intensifying raids against copyright infringers, the Government has taken a number of measures to strengthen the enforcement of copyright law. Special cells for copyright enforcement have been set up in 23 States and Union Territories. In addition, for collective administration of copyright, copyright societies have been set up for different classes of works. Copyright Protection in India India has one of the most modern copyright protection laws in the world. Major development in the area of copyright during 1999 was the amendment to the Copyright Act of 1957 to make it fully compatible with the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement. Called the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 1999, this amendment was signed by the President of India on December 30, 1999 and came into force on January 15, 2000. The earlier 1994 amendment to the Copyright Act of 1957 had provided protection to all original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works, cinematography, films and sound recordings.

There is not one word apt final

Shakespeare uses the antics of Oberon and Puck at the forefront of this comedy, using the â€Å"juice† to make everyone fall in love, however they err due to their arrogance as Oberon vaguely describes Demerits by â€Å"by the Athenian garments he hath on†. The iambic meter indicates these characters are powerful, yet their actions are unintelligent: the concept of incompetent leadership is a humorous stereotype, frequently used in dramatic comedy. Here, however, the joke is mocking power, or rather who we give power to, as Shakespeare portrays Oberon as using his power recklessly.The reason Oberon and Puck start squeezing the juice on the lovers is that the character overheard â€Å"A sweet Athenian girl† and a â€Å"disdainful youth†, and so, in the guise of trying to help them, he creates havoc. Boron's aid, however, is a facade: he only desires control; he knows that Demerits doesn't love Helena back, and so he interferes. This attitude reflects that o f the Queen's court: as Louis Monitors puts it, â€Å"Queen Elizabeth Xi's marital status and her sexual condition were matters of the state†, reflected when Oberon plans to put the juice on Titanic so that she â€Å"renders [her] page† to him.Oberon and Puck, therefore, are shown as metaphors for the male Elizabethan state where the men knew everything about the Queen and tried to control her in order to fulfill their interests: they tried to force her into getting married, and reproducing in order for the country to have an heir, just as Oberon tried to force Titanic to change her mind when she defies him saying â€Å"the fairy land buys not the child off me†.Ultimately, despite Titanic's rebellion, â€Å"she straight away gave† the changeling child to Oberon because he manipulates her with he juice, rendering her love an â€Å"ass†; this is comedic, especially when the character awakens and worries about being â€Å"enamored† to an  "assn. The fact that it was the â€Å"fairy queen† to whom this occurred is significant as this term was often a metaphorical reference to Queen Elizabeth in Renaissance literature.The juice is symbolic of ultimate patriarchal power; however, in reality there is no juice to make the Queen yield and produce an heir for the State. Shakespeare therefore is mocking State power as they can never obtain their desires because for once there was a ruler who resisted male authority. The state also is shown through Oberon and this reference to an â€Å"ass† may actually be a reference to Oberon- whom is the one who has acted truly the â€Å"ass† and has Titanic's love- and so the state itself.This male lust for power in seen, moreover, in the disorder at the start of the play in Shakespearean portrayal of the relationship between Hermit and Segues in regard to her choice of husband. Segues believes â€Å"this hath bewitched the bosom of my daughter†; Shakespeare re fers to Alexander here as â€Å"this†, dehumidifying the character and therefore highlighting the Segues has towards Alexander. Segues wants to â€Å"dispose† of his daughter â€Å"to her death† because she chooses someone other than who he wants: a seeming betrayal.Segues' parental constraint mirrors the expectations Elizabethan parents had for their children, leading to the 1 753 The Hardwired Act which invalidated any marriages of people under 21 or if parental/ guardian consent was not granted; 1 753 was after the play was written demonstrating the dangerous legacy patriarchal Elizabethan England left. Segues also does not refer to Hemi by name through this passage, instead only using pronouns such as her†, yet, the men are named twice in it.This highlights the misogyny as the men, unlike Women, are worthy of name- even Alexander who Was previously simply a ‘this†. The namelessness inflicted on Hermit reflects the fact that before the 1 7th century married females had no second enamel , emphasizing the fact that she was lower than men and just a possession of either her husband or father, as seen as Segues claims â€Å"[Hermit] is mine†. Moreover, the idea of a Helena, a love-struck teenager, following her love who has rejected her is funny, until Demerits threatens to â€Å"do thee mischief n the woods†.The imperative highlights how threatening this character is, and therefore- because Demerits represents a sort of â€Å"Everyman†- is symbolic of the threatening nature of man, a nature also seen in the forcefulness of Oberon. This scene takes place on the outskirts of the â€Å"green world† (the forest) and so in a limbo between reality, sensuality and disorder; we don't know what is possible here therefore making Demerits even more dangerous and thus amplifying the danger of his, and every man's, authority in this world, as we can see by Boron's greater power. This scene betweenDemerits a nd Helena also emphasizes inequality; he threatens this terrible act because a female character is stalking him for love, while he does the same to another. This is ironic and paradoxical, making us question the attitudes Demerits represents; it would appear that it is fine for a bold man to stalk someone because they are- as Dorothy Leigh says- â€Å"amongst the wise†, while when a woman is strong other women ‘Will blush at [their] boldness†2. The motif of rape appears symbolically when Oberon plans to manipulate Demerits, Alexander and Titanic â€Å"when [they are] asleep†: at the eight vulnerability and exposure.Oberon attacks them with the juice, thus taking away their will and dignity, in its place leaving distress- as a rape would do. In this case, Boron's metaphorical actions are tearing apart the â€Å"double cherry† of Hermit and Helena, striping their symbolic sisterhood to a â€Å"union in partition†. However, this violent authority was not uncommon in the 17th century, and neither was it a crime that was prosecuted. It was a popular attitude that women were objects of beauty and obedience, as shown in Dry Faustus.Faustus just wants a â€Å"where† wife, or an illusion of Helen of Troy, neither of whom had free will, and although these two plays are of opposite genres, the aggression towards women is seen in both. This shows how it is not only the genre of dramatic comedy, but renaissance theatre in general which holds a mirror to the darker issues of the day. Misogyny is further seen at the start of the play where Theses claims to have â€Å"won thy heart doing [Happily] injury', the connotations here of violence reflect the patriarchal period of the play.This is emphasizes because Theses took Happily from a injunction matriarchal Amazonian culture to one where she is objectified as nothing more than a prize (coven thy†¦ â€Å") – implying that this â€Å"love† between them is not w hat it appeared to be, but is actually another example of male control. As Alison Plowmen explains, â€Å"nobody had any objections to love as long as the price was right†; Theses will gain status and the potential for an heir. Contrastingly, Happily loses her independence and Persephone, thus foregrounding the both the literal and symbolic battle of the sexes throughout the play due to the male coercion.

Chinas Grand Canal

The largest canal in the world, the Grand Canal of China, wends its way through four provinces, beginning at Beijing and ending at Hangzhou.   It ties together two of the greatest rivers in the world - the Yangtze River and the Yellow River - as well as smaller waterways such as the Hai River, the Qiantang River, and the Huai River. History of The Grand Canal Just as impressive as its incredible size, however, is the Grand Canals remarkable age. The first section of the canal likely dates back to the 6th century BCE, although Chinese historian Sima Qian claimed that it went back 1,500 years earlier than that to the time of the legendary Yu the Great of the Xia Dynasty.   In any case, the earliest section links the Yellow River to the Si and Bian Rivers in Henan Province.   It is known poetically as the Canal of the Flying Geese, or more prosaically as Far-Flung Canal. Another early section of the Grand Canal was created under the direction of King Fuchai of Wu, who ruled from 495 to 473 BCE.   This early portion is known as the Han Gou, or Han Conduit, and connects the Yangtze River with the Huai River. Fuchais reign coincides with the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, and the beginning of the Warring States period, which would seem to be an inauspicious time to take on such a huge project. However, despite the political turmoil, that era saw the creation of several major irrigation and waterworks projects, including the Dujiangyan Irrigation System in Sichuan, the Zhengguo Canal in Shaanxi Province, and the Lingqu Canal in Guangxi Province. The Grand Canal itself was combined into one great waterway during the reign of the Sui Dynasty, 581 - 618 CE.   In its finished state, the Grand Canal stretches 1,104 miles (1,776 kilometers) and runs north to south roughly parallel to the east coast of China.   The Sui used the labor of 5 million of their subjects, both men and women, to dig the canal, finishing work in 605 CE. The Sui rulers sought to connect northern and southern China directly so that they could ship grain between the two regions.   This helped them to overcome local crop failures and famine, as well as supplying their armies that were stationed far from their southern bases.   The path along the canal also served as an imperial highway, and post offices set all along the way served the imperial courier system. By the Tang Dynasty era (618 - 907 CE), more than 150,000 tons of grain traveled the Grand Canal annually, most of it tax payments from southern peasants moving to the capital cities of the north.   However, the Grand Canal could pose a danger as well as a benefit to the people who lived beside it.   In the year 858, a terrible flood spilled into the canal, and drowned thousands of acres across the North China Plain, killing tens of thousands.   This catastrophe represented a huge blow to the Tang, already weakened by the An Shi Rebellion.   The flooding canal seemed to suggest that the Tang Dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven, and needed to be replaced. To prevent the grain barges from running aground (and then being robbed of their tax grain by local bandits), the Song Dynasty  assistant commissioner of transport Qiao Weiyue invented the worlds first system of pound locks.   These devices would raise the level of the water in a section of the canal, to safely float barges past obstacles in the canal. During the Jin-Song Wars, the Song dynasty in 1128 destroyed part of the Grand Canal to block the Jin militarys advance.   The canal was only repaired in the 1280s by the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, which moved the capital to Beijing and shortened the total length of the canal by about 450 miles (700 km). Both the Ming (1368 - 1644) and the Qing (1644 - 1911) Dynasties maintained the Grand Canal in working order.   It took literally tens of thousands of laborers to keep the whole system dredged and functional each year; operating the grain barges required an additional 120,000 plus soldiers. In 1855, disaster struck the Grand Canal.   The Yellow River flooded and jumped its banks, changing its course and cutting itself off from the canal.   The waning power of the Qing Dynasty decided not to repair the damage, and the canal is still not entirely recovered.   However, the Peoples Republic of China, founded in 1949, has invested heavily in repairing and reconstructing damaged and neglected sections of the canal. The Grand Canal Today In 2014, UNESCO listed the Grand Canal of China as a World Heritage Site.   Although much of the historic canal is visible, and many sections are popular tourist destinations, currently only the portion between Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province and Jining, Shandong Province is navigable.   That is a distance of about 500 miles (800 kilometers).